Land has recently been looked upon as having substantial value in the Indian cities, especially in Mumbai. However, the allocation of land is a contested area with conflicting views and experiences. Governments intervene in land allocation through legislations for achieving equity but they do so without understanding the institutional structure and changing political, social and economic order. The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act (ULCRA) is a piece of legislation through which Indian government made an attempt to redistribute urban land by limiting private ownership of it and confiscating the surplus. A critical review of its performance in India points to the difficulty of achieving such lofty goals in the complex real world, wherein different players actively use a variety of tactics to protect their interest, and also negotiate the outcome in the event of its repeal. The weak institutional capacity of the government and the changing governance framework render the outcomes detrimental. The experience of Mumbai city presented further points to the fact that the multiple actors thus have evolved their strategies to protect their interests through lobbying, corruption and legal wrangling. Rapid set stucco patch home depot. The experience of ULCRA, therefore, points to ground-level impediments to implementation of law and varied responses of the actors so as to preserve (or, even enhance) their particular interests. ULCRA also went against the decentralization of urban governance that began after the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act.
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Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976 shall, in relation to any State or Union Territory, mean the date on which this Act comes into force in such State or Union Territory. Repeal of Act 33 of 1976.—The Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976 (hereinafter referred to as the principal Act) is hereby repealed. https://answersgol.netlify.app/u-got-served-free-movie-download.html.
立法对城市土地市场的影响：孟买ULCRA及其废除的案例研究
土地最近被认为在印度城市中具有重大价值，特别是在孟买。但是，土地分配具有竞争性，同时带有矛盾的观点和经验。政府通过立法干预土地分配，从而实行公平公正，但是政府是在不了解制度结构和不断变化的政治、社会以及经济秩序的情况下采取的措施。ULCRA是印度政府试图通过限制私有制来重新分配城市土地并没收剩余土地的一项立法。对这项立法在印度的表现的一个批判性观点，指出在复杂的现实世界中难以实现这样高尚的目标，其中涉及的不同利害关系者积极使用各种手段来保护他们的利益，并在假定其被废除的情况下协商结果。政府薄弱的制度能力和不断变化的治理框架使结果更加不利。孟买市的经验进一步指出，多方利害关系者通过游说、腐败和合法争论等等层出不穷的手段来保护自身利益。因此，ULCRA的经验表明，法律执行实施层面的障碍是利害关系者的各种反应，目的是保护（甚至增强）他们的特定利益。ULCRA也违反了第74宪法修正案之后开始的城市治理权力下放。
Urban Land Ceiling Repeal Act Pdf Download
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